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Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira
Álvaro de Mendaña y Neira (or Neyra) (October 1, 1542 – October 18, 1595) was a Spanish navigator. Born in Congosto, in León, he was the nephew of Lope García de Castro, viceroy of Peru. He is best known for the two voyages of discovery he led into the Pacific in 1567 and 1595 in search of Terra Australis.
==Search for Terra Australis==
Historian Brett Hilder has written of “ardent spirits in Peru, inspiring three Spanish voyages to the south west Pacific in the forty years from 1565 to 1605.” 〔Hilder, B.(1980)'' The Voyage of Torres''. p.2 Queensland University Press, St. Lucia, Queensland. ISBN 0-7022-1275-X〕 One of these ardent spirits was certainly Spanish soldier Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa who arrived in Peru in 1557. Sarmiento de Gamboa developed an interest in Inca stories of gold and riches being collected from lands further to the west. Sarmiento's proposal for an expedition to find land in the Pacific was put to Governor Lope García de Castro, finding favour as it matched common Spanish belief in the existence of a great South Land. Historian Miriam Estensen argues Governor Castro also agreed as a way of maintaining peace and order. “Restless and disruptive” elements in the Spanish Americas were encouraged to join such journeys of exploration to remove them from colonial society. The lure of possible wealth made these expeditions attractive to such men, often drawn from the poorest levels of society.〔Estensen, M. (2006) ''Terra Australis Incognita; The Spanish Quest for the Mysterious Great South Land''. P.15. Allen & Unwin, Australia. ISBN 1-74175-054-7〕
However, Sarmiento de Gamboa was bitterly disappointed not to be made Captain-General of the expedition. Instead, command was given to the Governor Castro's nephew, the younger and relatively inexperienced Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira. Sarmiento was to be “Cosmographer”.〔Estensen, M. (2006) p.17〕 In Sarmiento’s written account, he was Captain of the flagship and at least on the same level as chief pilot and navigator Hernando Gallego. While Sarmiento’s interest was the riches to be gained, Mendaña’s priority was conversion of "the heathen" to Christianity.〔Spate, O.H.K. (1979) ''The Spanish Lake''. p.121, (Second Edition 2004) Australian National University. ISBN 1-920942-17-3〕 Deep divisions had been created within the Spanish command, even before the expedition departed.
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